![]() It is not clear whether the similarities in the turbulent states observed in active systems across a wide range of length scales are superficial or represent underlying universal properties.įigure 1. The flow pattern visually resembles that of high Re number turbulence and hence this state is often termed ‘active turbulence’. In particular, the spontaneous motion generated by a wide variety of dense active systems is highly chaotic, consisting of fluid jets and swirls (see figure 1). ![]() In all these systems, the motion is generated at the level of individual constituents but energetic, hydrodynamic or intelligent interactions then result in a collective dynamical behaviour. Examples include suspensions of microtubules and molecular motors, cellular and bacterial suspensions, vibrating granular rods, flocks of birds and schools of fish. ![]() ![]() Active systems produce their own energy and thus operate out of thermodynamic equilibrium. ![]()
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